Appositives
1) The Sacramento River, The main source of surface water in a state where distrust of centralized governmental authority has historically passed for an ethic, has its headwaters in the far northern ranges of Siskiyou County.
2) An expression of frustrated rage, rap music tries to be outrageous in order to provoke strong reactions.
3) The first scene of the opera Die Walkure, the second of the four operas making up Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle, takes place in the house of Hunding, a fierce warlord.
4) As Baranczak point out, Milosz-noble prize winning poet-rejects symbols in favor of metonymy and synecdoche, those figures of speech which represent a whole by a thing allied to it or by part of it.
5) Cotton Mather was an exception, one who so fully accepted and magnified the outlook of his locality that he has entered folklore as the archetypal puritan, not only a villainous figure in the pages of Hawthorne, William Carlos Williams and Robert Lowell, but an object of parody even to his fellow townsmen in 18th Century Boston.
1) Deep in the coke trade's shadow, marijuana has become one of the largest cash crops in the United States.
Marijuana is the dowdy green matron of the drug scene.
Deep in the Coke trade's shadow, marijuana, the dowdy green matron of the drug scene, has become one of the largest cash crops in the United States.
2) Prosecutors applied tough felony laws to these (pregnant) women.
The laws were designed for drug dealers, not drug users.
3) Serotonin acts as a chemical messenger between neurons.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter.
Neurons are the nerve cells of the brain.
Serotonin, a neurotransmitter, acts as a chemical messenger between neurons, which are the nerve cells of the brain.
4) Malawi's cash crops were unchanged, though their value on the world market continued to fluctuate.
The cash crops are peanuts, tea, coffee, sugarcane, and tobacco.
Malawi's cash crops- peanuts, tea, coffee, sugarcane, and tobacco- remain unchanged eventhough their value on the world market continues to fluctuate.
5) Trainspotting is the most hyped film of the summer.
Trainspotting is a techno-color trip through Scotland's junkie underbelly.
Trainspotting, a techno-color trip through Scotland's junkie underbelly, is the most hyped movie of the summer.
6) Dr. Laurie Gage has spent hours in the tank helping feed and medicate the beaked whales.
Dr. Laurie Gage is one of the few women who are exotic animal vets.
Dr. Laurie Gage, one of the few women who are exotic animal vets, has spent hours in the tank helping feed and medicate the beaked whales.
7) Now clean for four-and-a-half years, Dave Navarro had used heroin while a member of Jane's Addiction.
Dave Navarro is the guitarist for the Red Hot Chili Peppers.
Jane's Addiction is an influential first-wave alternative band.
Now clean for four and a half years, Dave Navarro -the guitarist for the Red Hot Chili Peppers- had used heroine while a member of the influential first-wave alternative band Janes Addiction.1) The Sacramento River, The main source of surface water in a state where distrust of centralized governmental authority has historically passed for an ethic, has its headwaters in the far northern ranges of Siskiyou County.
2) An expression of frustrated rage, rap music tries to be outrageous in order to provoke strong reactions.
3) The first scene of the opera Die Walkure, the second of the four operas making up Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle, takes place in the house of Hunding, a fierce warlord.
4) As Baranczak point out, Milosz-noble prize winning poet-rejects symbols in favor of metonymy and synecdoche, those figures of speech which represent a whole by a thing allied to it or by part of it.
5) Cotton Mather was an exception, one who so fully accepted and magnified the outlook of his locality that he has entered folklore as the archetypal puritan, not only a villainous figure in the pages of Hawthorne, William Carlos Williams and Robert Lowell, but an object of parody even to his fellow townsmen in 18th Century Boston.
1) Deep in the coke trade's shadow, marijuana has become one of the largest cash crops in the United States.
Marijuana is the dowdy green matron of the drug scene.
Deep in the Coke trade's shadow, marijuana, the dowdy green matron of the drug scene, has become one of the largest cash crops in the United States.
2) Prosecutors applied tough felony laws to these (pregnant) women.
The laws were designed for drug dealers, not drug users.
3) Serotonin acts as a chemical messenger between neurons.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter.
Neurons are the nerve cells of the brain.
Serotonin, a neurotransmitter, acts as a chemical messenger between neurons, which are the nerve cells of the brain.
4) Malawi's cash crops were unchanged, though their value on the world market continued to fluctuate.
The cash crops are peanuts, tea, coffee, sugarcane, and tobacco.
Malawi's cash crops- peanuts, tea, coffee, sugarcane, and tobacco- remain unchanged eventhough their value on the world market continues to fluctuate.
5) Trainspotting is the most hyped film of the summer.
Trainspotting is a techno-color trip through Scotland's junkie underbelly.
Trainspotting, a techno-color trip through Scotland's junkie underbelly, is the most hyped movie of the summer.
6) Dr. Laurie Gage has spent hours in the tank helping feed and medicate the beaked whales.
Dr. Laurie Gage is one of the few women who are exotic animal vets.
Dr. Laurie Gage, one of the few women who are exotic animal vets, has spent hours in the tank helping feed and medicate the beaked whales.
7) Now clean for four-and-a-half years, Dave Navarro had used heroin while a member of Jane's Addiction.
Dave Navarro is the guitarist for the Red Hot Chili Peppers.
Jane's Addiction is an influential first-wave alternative band.
Now clean for four and a half years, Dave Navarro -the guitarist for the Red Hot Chili Peppers- had used heroine while a member of the influential first-wave alternative band Janes Addiction.
Verbal Phrases
1) Fleeing their war-torn home near Kirkuk, Iraq, a Kurdish family clings to life in the ruins of Panjwin, on the border with Iran.
2) Lacking an alternative homeland of any kind, Kurds can emigrate, but they can't escape.
3) By the time I arrived, many of the former inhabitants, finding life insupportable in the refugee camps over the border, had returned to squat in the ruins of Qalat Dizah.
4) A few days later, passing the war-scarred settlement of Rawanduz on our way back to the Turkish border, I saw other evidence of Kurdish enterprise.
5) For months I would travel among them, trying to make sense of where this ancient people fit in the modern world.
6) The afternoon's serenity is regularly broken by fighter jets screaming overhead, one after another, buzzing the city before returning to their Turkish Air Force base.
Exercise: Combine the following sentences using verbals.
1) She banged on the side of the bus. She tried to get the driver's attention.
Trying to get the driver's attention, she banged on the side of the bus.
2) When the driver stopped the bus, Christine showed him her Fast Pass. She assured him he would be rewarded in a future life.
When the driver stopped the bus Christine showed him her Fast Pass, assuring him he would be rewarded in a future life
3) Across the aisle, a crumpled woman began to doze off. She was reading the National Enquirer. She was eating a hot dog with relish. Next to her, a businessman shoved his briefcase between them. He protected himself from accusations of sexual harassment or, possibly, cooties.
Across the aisle, a crumpled woman began to doze off while reading the National Enquirer and eating a hot dog with relish. Next to her, a businessman shoved his briefcase between them, protecting himself from accusations of sexual harassment or, possibly, cooties.
4) A teenager swung from the handrails above her. The teenager periodically bonked her on the head with his backpack.
A teenager, swinging from the handrails above the woman, periodically bonked her on the head with his backpack.
5) Christine closed her eyes. She held her breath. She repeated the words, "I am almost home. I am almost home."
Christine closed her eyes and held her breath while repeating the words, "I am almost home. I am almost home."
6) A woman on the street suddenly darted into traffic. She chased after her suicidal dog.
A woman on the street suddenly darted into traffic chasing after her suicidal dog.
7) The driver slammed on his brakes. The driver encouraged us to hold on, but the dozing woman and the swinging boy both flew forward with yelps and cries.
The driver slammed on his brakes, encouraging us to hold on, but the dozing woman and the swinging boy both flew forward with yelps and cries.
8) The hot dog broke free from its mustardy bun. The hot dog rolled into the aisle. It left a trail of relish behind it.
The hot dog broke free from its mustardy bun, rolling into the aisle leaving a trail of relish behind it.
Exercise: Use -ed verbals to combine the following sets of sentences.
1) Charles was frightened by the noise he'd heard. He was pale as a ghost.
Charles, frightened by the noise he'd heard, was as pale as a ghost.
2) Karyn was stranded on a desert island. She tried to make the best of it.
Karyn, standed on a deserted island, tried to make the best of it.
3) Jon is attuned to nature. He spends weekends on the beach, communing with the gulls.
Jon, attuned to nature, spends weekends on the beach, communing with the gulls
4) The turkey was stuffed with bread and celery. It was roasted a golden brown.
The turkey, stuffed with bread and celery, was roasted a golden brown.
Contrast and Concession
1)Ronald Reagan was one of the most popular presidents in American history.
He had very lit tle knowledge of the details about issues the government must deal with.
ANTI: Ronald Reagan was one of the most popular presidents in American history. However, he had very little knowledge of the details about issues the government must deal with.
PRO: Ronald Reagan was one of the most popular presidents in American history. Even though he had very little knowledge of the details about issues the government must deal with.
2) He consistently made glaring mistakes in his press conferences that had to be corrected afterward.
He was well liked personally by most newsreporters on the White House beat.
ANTI: He was well liked personally by most newsreporters on the White House beat. Yet he consistently made glaring mistakes in his press conferences that had to be corrected afterward.
PRO: Athough He consistently made glaring mistakes in his press conferences that had to be corrected afterward, he was well liked personally by most newsreporters on the White House beat.
Exercise: Combine each pair of sentences as if you were writing a paper supporting television. Then combine them as if you were writing a paper supporting newspapers.
1) Television offers entertainment in more abundance and greater diversity than any medium in history.
Most television programs are superficial and mindless.
ANTI : Television offers entertainment in more abundance and greater diversity than any medium in history; however, most television programs are superficial and mindless.
PRO: While most television programs are superficial and mindless, television offers entertainment in more abundance and greater diversity than any medium in history.
2) Cable channels are quite expensive to subscribe to.
They offer movies and other programs unavailable on network channels.
Newspapers give a much more complete account of the news than does television.
They are more prone to political bias than TV.
PRO Newspaper: Although they are more prone to political bias than TV, newspapers give a much more complete account of the news than does television. Even though they offer movies and other programs unavailable on network channels, Cable channels are quite expensive to subscribe to.
PRO TV : Cable channels are quite expensive to subscribe to; however, they offer movies and other programs unavailable on network channels. Although newspapers give a much more complete account of the news than does television, they are more prone to political bias than TV.
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